En este post nos ocuparemos de señalar y describir someramente los caminos físicos más importantes que han sido transitados en mayor medida por el ser humano, desde los tiempos más remotos.
Debemos diferenciar claramente entre lo que son en sí los caminos que se han construido en la historia y lo que comentan los individuos, hombres y mujeres, sobre el caminar y cuáles han sido sus objetivos particulares.
Bien podemos dividir los caminos en los de la Antigüedad que nos remonta a varios miles de años en el tiempo y los que tienen un pasado menos remoto, alrededor de 1000 años antes de nuestra era. Unos y otros se pueden subdividir según el tipo de uso a que se les destinaba: comerciales (bienes, animales y esclavos), religiosos (peregrinaje, cruzadas, procesiones, penitencias, festejos, ceremoniaje), militares (conquista e invasión), migraciones, tránsito y circulación de personas, funerarios y mortuorios (defunción, sepelios, pompas fúnebres, luctuosos), etc.
Son varias las regiones y países importantes en el mundo que ameritan mencionarse por su distinción en la construcción de caminos que se realizaron en la Antigüedad sobre su territorio, que se diferenciaron por sus características extraordinarias en sus entramados y configuraciones, por su diseño, trazo, amplitud, arquitectura y construcción. China e India son las naciones más sobresalientes en este renglón, en las épocas más remotas. En la época más reciente, de 1000 años a. C., podemos señalar a la nación antigua de los Mayas, los caminos incas con los Chaskis, y los construidos por el Imperio Romano sobre las tantas tierras conquistadas.
Los grandes caminos se iniciaron por la necesidad de intercambiar mercancías y bienes entre las naciones. Originalmente se realizaban a pie (viandantes, caminantes), sin embargo, se fueron incorporando a esas travesías los animales de carga, y posteriormente, con la invención de la rueda (3000 años a. C. en Mesopotamia) se logró un mayor intercambio al utilizarse carros tirados por animales. La civilización mundial avanzó a medida que aumentó la necesidad de transportar y comercializar grandes volúmenes de mercancías entre los pueblos, por lo que la comunicación vial tuvo el imperioso destino de desarrollarse mayormente.
Se tienen registros que desde el siglo VI a. C., en el territorio de Persia, se empezaron a conectar ciertos caminos cardinales con otros, llegando a tenerse redes importantes que comunicaban zonas comerciales separadas por 2000 a 3000 kilómetros de distancia. Con la invención de la rueda, en el 3er milenio a. C., sufrió un incremento considerable la conexión de esos caminos y la construcción de nuevos en la región de Mesopotamia, Egipto y el Valle del Indo (Pakistán, Afganistán y parte de India).
La ruta probablemente más importante, fue la que se construyó por la comercialización de la seda, en China, en el siglo XI a. C. Así mismo, en esta misma nación, en el siglo III a. C., se desarrolló el sistema de caminos más importante, permitiendo una red de comunicaciones por todo el país.
Ya en una época más próxima (siglo II a.C. a siglo III d.C.), los romanos construyeron una red de comunicaciones viales, los famosos Caminos Romanos, que unieron a todas las provincias y pueblos conquistados con su ciudad-estado Roma, que les permitió tener el control administrativo y de gobierno de todos ellos. El desarrollo total de los caminos romanos fue de 55 mil millas, equivalente a 80 mil kilómetros, uniendo entre sí a toda Europa junto con el norte de Africa.
En América, durante el segundo milenio de nuestra era (Emporios Huari y Puquina), se construyó una de las redes más importantes de vialidades, los Caminos Incas, que comunicaban grandes extensiones de tierras en el sur del continente, desde el Perú hasta Chile y Argentina, incluyendo los países intermedios como Ecuador y Bolivia, la cual tenía una extensión de 12 mil kilómetros de desarrollo. Es importante señalar que la geografía accidentada que tenía en algunas partes de su recorrido (ríos, cañadas, barrancos, cañones), obligaba a construir puentes colgantes.
En el mismo continente americano, en su parte central, los antiguos Mayas construyeron una red de vialidades (1er milenio d.C.), denominado “Caminos Blancos” (en maya Sacbé o Cuxan-Sum). A diferencia de los caminos romanos, los caminos mayas no estuvieron definidos para dirigirse a un centro hegemónico, pues no lo hubo, sino que obedecieron a las necesidades estrictas de comunicación para el flujo de personas y mercancías, entre todos los pueblos y centros habitacionales de esta nación.
Hagamos una alabanza a esos caminos antiguos practicando diariamente nuestras caminatas por los senderos próximos al vecindario.
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