En este post nos ocuparemos de señalar y describir someramente los caminos físicos más importantes que han sido transitados en mayor medida por el ser humano, desde los tiempos más remotos.
Debemos diferenciar claramente entre lo que son en sí los caminos que se han construido en la historia y lo que comentan los individuos, hombres y mujeres, sobre el caminar y cuáles han sido sus objetivos particulares.
Bien podemos dividir los caminos en los de la Antigüedad que nos remonta a varios miles de años en el tiempo y los que tienen un pasado menos remoto, alrededor de 1000 años antes de nuestra era. Unos y otros se pueden subdividir según el tipo de uso a que se les destinaba: comerciales (bienes, animales y esclavos), religiosos (peregrinaje, cruzadas, procesiones, penitencias, festejos, ceremoniaje), militares (conquista e invasión), migraciones, tránsito y circulación de personas, funerarios y mortuorios (defunción, sepelios, pompas fúnebres, luctuosos), etc.
Son varias las regiones y países importantes en el mundo que ameritan mencionarse por su distinción en la construcción de caminos que se realizaron en la Antigüedad sobre su territorio, que se diferenciaron por sus características extraordinarias en sus entramados y configuraciones, por su diseño, trazo, amplitud, arquitectura y construcción. China e India son las naciones más sobresalientes en este renglón, en las épocas más remotas. En la época más reciente, de 1000 años a. C., podemos señalar a la nación antigua de los Mayas, los caminos incas con los Chaskis, y los construidos por el Imperio Romano sobre las tantas tierras conquistadas.
Los grandes caminos se iniciaron por la necesidad de intercambiar mercancías y bienes entre las naciones. Originalmente se realizaban a pie (viandantes, caminantes), sin embargo, se fueron incorporando a esas travesías los animales de carga, y posteriormente, con la invención de la rueda (3000 años a. C. en Mesopotamia) se logró un mayor intercambio al utilizarse carros tirados por animales. La civilización mundial avanzó a medida que aumentó la necesidad de transportar y comercializar grandes volúmenes de mercancías entre los pueblos, por lo que la comunicación vial tuvo el imperioso destino de desarrollarse mayormente.
Se tienen registros que desde el siglo VI a. C., en el territorio de Persia, se empezaron a conectar ciertos caminos cardinales con otros, llegando a tenerse redes importantes que comunicaban zonas comerciales separadas por 2000 a 3000 kilómetros de distancia. Con la invención de la rueda, en el 3er milenio a. C., sufrió un incremento considerable la conexión de esos caminos y la construcción de nuevos en la región de Mesopotamia, Egipto y el Valle del Indo (Pakistán, Afganistán y parte de India).
La ruta probablemente más importante, fue la que se construyó por la comercialización de la seda, en China, en el siglo XI a. C. Así mismo, en esta misma nación, en el siglo III a. C., se desarrolló el sistema de caminos más importante, permitiendo una red de comunicaciones por todo el país.
Ya en una época más próxima (siglo II a.C. a siglo III d.C.), los romanos construyeron una red de comunicaciones viales, los famosos Caminos Romanos, que unieron a todas las provincias y pueblos conquistados con su ciudad-estado Roma, que les permitió tener el control administrativo y de gobierno de todos ellos. El desarrollo total de los caminos romanos fue de 55 mil millas, equivalente a 80 mil kilómetros, uniendo entre sí a toda Europa junto con el norte de Africa.
En América, durante el segundo milenio de nuestra era (Emporios Huari y Puquina), se construyó una de las redes más importantes de vialidades, los Caminos Incas, que comunicaban grandes extensiones de tierras en el sur del continente, desde el Perú hasta Chile y Argentina, incluyendo los países intermedios como Ecuador y Bolivia, la cual tenía una extensión de 12 mil kilómetros de desarrollo. Es importante señalar que la geografía accidentada que tenía en algunas partes de su recorrido (ríos, cañadas, barrancos, cañones), obligaba a construir puentes colgantes.
En el mismo continente americano, en su parte central, los antiguos Mayas construyeron una red de vialidades (1er milenio d.C.), denominado “Caminos Blancos” (en maya Sacbé o Cuxan-Sum). A diferencia de los caminos romanos, los caminos mayas no estuvieron definidos para dirigirse a un centro hegemónico, pues no lo hubo, sino que obedecieron a las necesidades estrictas de comunicación para el flujo de personas y mercancías, entre todos los pueblos y centros habitacionales de esta nación.
Hagamos una alabanza a esos caminos antiguos practicando diariamente nuestras caminatas por los senderos próximos al vecindario.
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This is among the the explanation why there is a much
anticipated on-line heist, and people logging into the site
to see if it is already on the release. Many people have
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the players a collection of different challenges.
You’ve gotten the chance of completing the jobs, or get the
free road for the in sport cash. These are the aims that you will need to do daily.
Eventually, if you’re profitable you will get the reward. This can embody the Rock star stacking challenges, and you can make greater than $500000 for the challenges.
The free roam is bolstered with a set of different activities, which
embrace the only gamers games characters. There are contact players, who
will destruct the police in order to keep the prison colleagues safe.
There are different new activities within the sport and it
consists of Lamar giving instructions to players to get rid
of vehicles, and different team leaders asking help in destroying the
planes which might be within the air.In this mode, there are three runners, who wish to make it dwelling however there
is a crew of hunters on their tail. They should run, as a way to get to their destination, and avoid
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protection mode, within the GTA type setting. The attackers have a set of unlimited weapons,
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the wheels of the pursing cars. The Truckers solely use their
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keep their bikes on the best path.I received onboard
with the Grand Theft Auto collection in GTA 5 mod menu, I didn’t have a PC and although one
of the top down versions got here out on the
original PlayStation, it did not register on my radar.
I vaguely remember somebody displaying me, nevertheless it seemed like a throwback to the downward view games of the eighty’s arcades, there have been much more fascinating
video games for me to be to be spending my time on,
akin to staring in the back of a (then) very blocky Lara Croft.
It wasn’t until GTA 5 mod menu on the PlayStation 2 hit, that
I bear in mind sitting transfixed in a pals
living room, open mouthed as I watched him swapping automobiles, happening a
rampage and usually just blowing stuff up at random.Vice Metropolis was the one that I keep in mind the very best, with its combination of
neon, 80s film references, stellar voice cast ensemble including
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